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Create a list. These species form a sister taxon relationship unambiguously supported Pubis MDE-Cas , length from distal end of postpubic process to rostral margin of prepubic process by three synapomorphies of the dentary: relatively short proximal edentulous slope, such that the ratio between the length of this Pubis MDE-Cas , length from caudal margin of iliac process to rostral margin of prepubic process slope and the distance between the rostralmost tooth position and the caudal margin of the coronoid process is less than 0.
Inclusion of the two Blasi species within the lambeosaurin ventral margin clade consisting of the last common ancestor of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, Amurosaurus riabinini, and all its descendants, is supported doi At a more inclusive level, the [2,50,56]. Specifically, the proportionately short subsquared or Arenysaurus-Blasisaurus clade is unambiguously positioned within subtrapezoidal outline, with more prominent rostroventral corner, Lambeosaurini on the basis of a nasal articulation surface of the of the distal prepubic blade of the prepubic process is only found frontal shaped into a rostroventrally-sloping platform; bifurcation among lambeosaurines, such as Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus e.
Although incomplete in the squamosal, being between 0. These synapomorphies cannot be observed in process of the Blasi lambeosaurine shares with that of Cassagnau 2 the available materials of B.
Therefore, the Cassagnau 2 material is referred here to were optimized for the entire Blasi clade. Lambeosaurinae on the basis of the prepubic morphology and the The phylogenetic position of the Blasi lambeosaurines recovered presence of accessory ridges in at least some dentary teeth. The in the present analysis differs from that of previous studies reduced proximal edentulous margin of the dentaries might be an [11,12,66].
In particular, Arenysaurus ardevoli [11] and the A. More recently, that margin increases during ontogeny among hadrosaurids; the however, Cruzado-Caballero [66] recovered the Blasi taxa as majority of lambeosaurine taxa include adult individuals with members of Parasaurolophini but see below. Specifical- Phylogenetic Relationships of the European ly, the parsimony analyses of Pereda-Suberbiola et al.
Indeterminate lambeosaurine materials collected at the Cassagnau 2 locality. Predentary MDE-Cas2— in dorsal view. Ventral view of MDE-Cas2— Partial left dentary MDE-Cas2—02 in medial view. Dentary tooth crowns MDE-Cas2—11 in lingual view. Left pubis MDE-Cas in lateral view. Left dentary MDE-Cas2— in medial view. Phylogenetic relationships of lambeosaurine taxa from the European Archipelago.
Consensus tree of the five most parsimonious trees resulting from maximum parsimony analysis. The numbers above the branches represent bootstrap frequencies, whereas those below are decay indices Bremer support. A ton. Cruzado- e. Ventral expansion of the Averianov [83]. Both matrices consist also of only a fraction of the prepubic process occurs in all lambeosaurines [2].
Furthermore, morphological characters used in the present analysis and, the ventral region of the prepubic process of A. We agree, however, in that A. In the analysis of Cruzado-Caballero [66]: figs. This condition is certainly shared by P. However, the P. Indeed, P. It is worth noting that at the base of the proximal end of the prepubic process; and the basal lambeosaurine Jaxartosaurus aralensis also possesses a deep postorbital with short deep squamosal ramus, indicative of a short squamosal process of the postorbital [84].
In our analysis, narrow dorsal margin of the infratemporal fenestra. Notwith- this condition of the postorbital represents an unambiguous standing the heavily eroded distal humeral region of A. Therefore, of the distal condyles of the hadrosaurid humerus [50], so that we given the available anatomical data for the Blasi lambeosaurines, PLOS ONE www. Aralosaurus tuberiferus and that of Pararhabdodon isonensis from Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus represent vicariant events occurring no Historical Biogeography of the European later than the early Campanian Fig.
Vicariance was Lambeosaurinae previously suggested by Casanovas et al [77] to explain the A global sea level rise that began during Albian times and occurrence of P. Likewise, a widespread ancestor was also culminated during the late Cenomanian-early Turonian [85] inferred for the most exclusive clade containing Hypacrosaurus created an archipelago of islands between the Afroarabian plate altispinus and the Blasi lambeosaurins, Arenysaurus ardevoli and and the emergent part of the Fennosarmatian craton the northern Blasisaurus canudoi.
However, the labile position of Olorotitan European land of Dalla Vecchia [14]. During the Late ararhensis within Lambeosaurini leads to two different ancestral Cretaceous, the convergent movements of the Afroarabian and range reconstructions for that clade.
Specifically, when O. America and the European Archipelago. Different authors have variably reconstructed the number The above scenarios stand in contrast with the results from both and area of those islands. For example, Camoin et al. Both techniques inferred Asia as the most likely ancestral the Renish-Bohemian island. According to Le Loeuff [94], the range for aralosaurins and tsintaosaurins.
According to this area of Ibero-Armorican island, which harbored the lambeosaur- reconstruction, the occurrences of Canardia garonnensis and Para- ine taxa described and discussed in this study, ranged between rhabdodon isonensis would be the result of dispersal events from Asia , and 1,, km2, thus being at least as large as to the western European Archipelago. More uncertain is the Madagascar , km2. Likewise, the identity of the Transyl- biogeographical history of the most exclusive clade of lambeosaur- vanian island i.
On one hand, the results of the BBM analysis indicate In this paleogeographical context, the late Maastrichtian North America as the most probable ancestral area of that clade in European hadrosaurian fauna is characterized by lambeosaurines all five most parsimonious trees depicting lambeosaurine relation- Arenysaurus ardevoli, Blasisaurus canudoi, Pararhabdodon isonensis, and ships Fig.
Following this reconstruction, Arenysaurus ardevoli Canardia garonnensis from the Ibero-Armorican island; this paper and Blasisaurus canudoi would have reached the Ibero-Armorican and non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids indeterminate forms repre- island via dispersal events from North America sometime during sented by the Fontllonga [53,55] and La Solana dentaries [54,55].
On the other hand, the results from Yet, to this date, no pre-Maastrichtian remains unambiguously the DEC analysis vary substantially depending on the position of referable to Lambeosaurinae or Hadrosauridae have been O. European Archipelago, or solely North America, as the most likely In North America, lambeosaurines are common and diverse in ancestral ranges for that exclusive clade containing the Blasi upper Campanian strata Lambeosaurus spp.
These inferences allow for several Parasaurolophus spp. In the Maastrichtian, North during the Maastrichtian, from vicariance leading to the splitting American lambeosaurines are solely represented by Hypacrosaurus of Asian or North American from European ranges to a dispersal altispinus, which might range from the lower to the lower upper event from North America to the European Archipelago Fig.
Indeed, the most common dinosaur in The vicariant scenarios suggested by the S-DIVA results are at the rich paleontological record of the continental uppermost odds with the current fossil record of European lambeosaurines. Maastrichtian of North America Scollard, Frenchman, Lance, As indicated above, no lambeosaurine fossils have been positively and Hell Creek formations is the saurolophine Edmontosaurus identified in pre-upper Maastrichtian strata, despite remains of annectens [99].
In contrast, lambeosaurines are diverse and hadrosauroids being reported from upper Campanian-Maastrich- relatively common in the upper Maastrichtian of eastern Asia tian deposits in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Slovenia, Amurosaurus riabinini, Charonosaurus jiayinensis, Olorotitan arharensis, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine [7,8,33,]. Lambeosaur- and Sahaliyania elunchunorum [6,57,60,62]. They different dating , being absent in the late Maastrichtian.
Thus, the are also unrecorded in the upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian taxonomic composition of the European hadrosaurian fauna is of southern France [17,29]. The only putative evidence of late more similar to the coeval fauna from Asia than that of North Campanian hadrosaurids in Europe is a single tooth from the America [33].
There- most recent common ancestors of aralosaurins and tsintaosaurins. Time-calibrated phylogram of Lambeosaurinae based on the phylogenetic hypothesis shown in Fig. Each of the five most parsimonious trees resulting from parsimony analysis is shown. However, because those trees differ only in the relationships of the Hypacrosaurus-Amurosaurus clade, we only show the complete topology of one of the threes and include below only the topologies of that subclade for the additional four most parsimonious trees.
The numbers to the left of the taxon names are datings in millions of years. When absolute dating estimates are not available but only subages e. Datings for age boundaries are from Walker et al. Aralosaurins and The biogeographical analyses rested upon consideration of the tsintaosaurins appear to have reached the Ibero-Armorican island phylogenetic hypothesis of lambeosaurine interrelationships pre- at the end of the early Maastrichtian or during the late sented in this study.
Three general areas, where currently known Maastrichtian. Biogeographical scenarios involving dispersal lambeosaurine species have been recorded, were considered: events for lambeosaurines from Asia to the European Archipelago Europe or European Archipelago in Late Cretaceous times , have been previously proposed by various authors [11,12,47,66], North America, and Asia.
Ancestral ranges for the clades although their middle to late Campanian timing of those dispersals recovered in the lambeosaurine phylogenies presented here were is earlier than our estimate based on the earliest fossil occurrence quantitatively inferred via event-based methods of cladistic of these hadrosaurids in European strata.
The Ibero-Armorican biogeography. These techniques integrate phylogenetic informa- Island constituted a refugium for aralosaurin and tsintaosaurin tion with optimality criteria []. Because the techniques lambeosaurines during the late Maastrichtian. MPZ Zaragoza, Spain , and IPS Sabadell, Spain in order to This is because the latter options allow for obtaining a fully examine the lambeosaurine materials housed at these institutions.
Here, we compared the results of Phylogenetic Inference three event-based techniques. Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis was originally developed taxa known so far referable to this clade of hadrosaurids.
The by Ronquist []. This technique uses a model in which analysis included 34 operational taxonomic units. Of these, nine vicariance, sympatric speciation, dispersal, and extinction events species are outgroup taxa to Hadrosauridae.
The remaining taxa are given different costs that are inversely related to the likelihood consisted of three non-lambeosaurine hadrosaurids with Edmonto- of occurrence of these events.
Specifically, vicariance speciation saurus annectens and Brachylophosaurus canadensis as representatives of due to emergence of a dispersal barrier and duplication Saurolophinae and 22 lambeosaurine species. The data set speciation within the same area have a cost of zero, whereas consisted equally weighted morphological characters dispersal and extinction events have a cost of one per each area cranial and 86 postcranial; see Supporting Information S1 and unit added or deleted, respectively, from the distribution [].
The search reconstruction that minimizes the number of dispersal-extinction for the optimal tree s was conducted in PAUP version 4. A heuristic search of 10, replicates using random terminal taxa []. Bremer support [] was assessed by computing decay ancestral range for a given node of the phylogeny are averaged indices [] using MacClade version 4. The setting the analysis to 5, replicates using heuristic searches, in method was implemented in the program RASP 2.
This technique was also implemented in RASP 2. DEC is tionships of the lambeosaurine taxa and specimens based on a likelihood framework that models the dispersal and from the European archipelago.
Internet links is some of the local extinction of lineages as stochastic events through time characters correspond to the illustration and documentation of [,]. Monte Carlo techniques allow estimation of the character states in Morphbank, an online repository for biological probabilities of ancestral ranges for each branch of the tree.
Thus, DEC evaluates the likelihood of the observed occurrence of DOC taxa given information of their phylogenetic relationships and the Information S2 Character state codings of morpho- paleogeographic and geologic history of the areas. This approach logical characters for the 34 hadrosauroid taxa used to considers all possible scenarios of subdivision and inheritance of infer the phylogenetic interrelationships of lambeosaur- ancestral areas, including sister lineages inheriting nonidentical ine hadrosaurids.
Likelihood values are provided for each internal NEX node of the tree, as well as a global likelihood for the entire phylogeny. No restrictions were placed on the various possible analysis [] performed on each of the five most dispersals among areas and various ranges achievable by the taxa parsimonious trees resulting from maximum parsimo- under study.
Numbers Implementation of DEC required branch length calibration of represent probability proportions of inferred ancestral areas. Node the various lineages in the lambeosaurine phylogenies. We applied numbers correspond to those in the phylograms included below. Numbers represent probability proportions of inferred chosen because it has little to no impact in the calibration relative ancestral areas. Node numbers correspond to those in the to other branches.
LeLoeuff for providing access to specimens under his clature, and hence the new names contained herein are available care. Cruzado-Caballero shared data on hadrosaurid material from the under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This Blasi sites. McDonald, Yu Y. Riera, B. Vila, and A. The electronic edition of this work was published in a References 1. In: 7. The Dinosauria, second Cretaceous European archipelago.
An overview. Nat Nascosta 1— Berkeley: University of California Press. Dalla Vecchia FM a European hadrosaurs. Actas de las IV Jornadas 2. Ostrom JH The cranial crests of hadrosaurian dinosaurs. Postilla 1— coexistencia de dinosaurios hadrosaurinos y lambeosaurinos en el Maastrich- Ameghiniana 4.
Anat Record — Zool J Linn Soc-Lond — Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia. Acta Palaeontol Pol — C R Palevol 8: — Rozhdestvensky AK [Hadrosaurs of Kazakhstan]. In: Tatarinov LP et Blasisaurus canudoi gen. Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic Amphibians and Reptiles. Bulletin transsylvanicus nov. Dalla Vecchia FM Tethyshadros insularis, a new hadrosauroid dinosaur Cretaceous Res — Palaeontol Reptilia: Dinosauria from the upper shale member of the Campanian Aguja J Vertebr Paleontol — Magnapaulia laticaudus from the Late Cretaceous of Baja California, northwest- DOI: Strata 1— Carnets The Dinosauria.
Berkeley: University of CR Acad Sci de Paris Evans DC Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, — Acta Geol Hisp 95— Unpublished PhD thesis. Florida State University. Cranial and appendicular ontogeny of Bactrosaurus deposits in the Spanish Pyrenees: implications for the dinosaur extinction johnsoni, a hadrosaur dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of northern China. Cretaceous Res 41— Palaeontology — Rev Reptilia: Ornithischia.
Can J Earth Sci 9: — Bull Soc Geol Fr — Geol Mijnbouw — Palaeogeogr Oryctos 1: — Sediment Geol — Tremp, provincia In: Carpenter K, ed. Revised diagnoses of Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, sequences. Ann Univ Ferrara 1: 1— Unpublished America. Zootaxa 61— Parks WA Parasaurolophus walkeri, a new genus and species of crested U Toronto Stud, Geol Ser 1— Catalunya 1: Dinosauria: Ornithopoda : anatomy and systematic position within Hadro- Owen R Report on British fossil reptiles.
Part 2. Coahuila, Mexico. Seeley HG On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Universidad de Zaragoza. Am J Sci — T Am Philosoph Soc 1— George Washington University. Parks WA Corythosaurus intermedius, a new species of trachodont dinosaur. Glut DF Dinosaurs. The Encyclopedia. Company, Inc. New Crasquin S, Sandulescu M eds. Atlas Peri-Tethys, Palaeogeographical Maps. Paris: Commission of the Geologic Map of the World.
International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature International London: The International giants? Hist Biol 15— Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. Therrien F Palaeoenvironments of the latest Cretaceous Maastrichtian Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol tions of the lambeosaurines from the Iberian Peninsula.
Hadrosaur Symposium 15— Los dinosaurios 33— Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Geogaceta 47— Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae. University of Toronto. Abstracts de las IV Jornadas pone. Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis Dinosauria: Hadrosauroidea from the Late Creta- Am Mus Novit 1— Cretaceous J Stratigr — Finally, download the code-v1.
Please note that we are currently not supporting SH detections anymore, only training from GT 2d detections is possible now. For a quick demo, you can train for one epoch and visualize the results. To train, run. Skip to content. Star 1. MIT License. You can even create an entire dinosaur coloring book for each of your children and yourself, for that matter. These dinosaur printables will provide fun and enjoyment for the entire family. Paleontologists who have studied dinosaurs have been able to name almost 1, different dinosaur genera and each one is a little different from the others.
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