My uncle, my nephews, they were supposed to, to sell it and send us the money, sure enough. The service was in Polish, and everybody.
Everybody was staring at us! They were giving us dark looks, and we left the church, and away we went, away, because people were as if. As if we were God knows who. And so away we went. We were surprised, because some [Polish] people were still there.
This was in , not even 10 years since we had left. So some of the people knew us and they were happy to see us. Some of them were migrants, but they already had kolkhozes, there was already a kind of fear. Because for example when we were on the train, or at the railway station, we could enter anywhere, because we were visitors, kind of.
And somehow, we had a lot of money, we could afford everything. And these people, they walked without shoes, they would sit in the corner, not even inside the station building, but outside, waiting for the train like that. It was an unpleasant visit for both adults and children, but in a different way for each group. Adult deportees met this change with despair and frustration, and great disappointment. All of those who visited their former homeland in the s came back convinced that it was lost forever.
All were frightened by what they saw and most of them could not recognise home in any of the places they visited. All they wanted was to come back to the only place they could call home — not the place where they had been born, but the one in which they had already become rooted. And when they returned, they were happy that their parents had finally lost their illusions and hopes. Of course, patterns of behaviour observed among a small sample cannot be generalised. But they seem to be meaningful and when one looks at the exceptions, they tend to confirm the rule.
The children also got used to this place. But here I am, walking around, walking down the street in C. The smaller the children were when leaving, the less likely they were to miss home in the future. Those at the threshold of adulthood reacted similarly to the adults, at times even more intensely, such as the interviewee quoted directly above, since leaving home was likely to become a key formative experience for them.
Secondly, the interviewees reminiscing about home sickness were not only older children, but also children born in deported families. Undoubtedly, the trauma of forced resettlement was more likely to be transferred onto children than the simple nostalgia associated with economic migration. Finally, some people, even at a young age, tend to create much stronger emotional and intellectual connections with the place they live in, while others seem relatively unworried by migration.
I remember that it was a sunny day, so warm. And we were children — and suddenly we saw the mountains! There were rivers, but no lakes for example. And here, there was a hill here, another hill there, hills on all sides. When we arrived we ran to the hills at once, it was great fun for us children. It seems that they simply needed to comfort themselves with something positive in the overwhelming, depressing reality they had been thrown into, or that they need this comforting feeling now, ex post, when creating their narrative and sharing their memories with a stranger.
Wolff writes about a similar mechanism referring to Jewish children in Holland who were hiding from Nazis: a few of those who were adult enough to be conscious of what was happening perceived the situation as an adventure. In the park near the train station there was a hill and I remember that there was a small gate. I mean, I was small, but this gate was small as well. Then there was a broken wooden door and a kind of hiding place, and we were afraid to enter it.
We peeked inside, but never went in. And when they were building the amphitheatre, they covered it with soil. But it was said that there was some kind of shelter, or hidden corridor, nobody knew what exactly. The deportation of Ukrainians from Poland was indeed much harsher than the deportation of Poles from the Eastern Borderlands, even if one does not question the equal moral and legal qualification of both processes.
In comparison to the Poles, the Ukrainians had much less distance to cover during their journey, but they were much more exposed to physical and psychological violence.
Most of the deportations took place in the winter, early spring and late autumn, which only added to the difficulties and the sense of being oppressed. In addition, Zhovkva itself could be likened to one big landmine, primarily because of the regular war between the Soviet authorities and the Ukrainian Partisan Army which lasted until the mids, and involved most of the local population in bloody conflict — voluntarily or against their will.
The deportation itself is not covered in the film, since the plot focuses on the post-war adaptation in the West, but the comedic character of the picture made it very popular and somehow de-traumatised the difficult memories. One can presume that in some cases the events from the film gradually became a part of their own experience.
All interviews collected for that study show that shared trauma is less traumatic than individual trauma; the feeling of belonging to a community of others who are equally affected allowed my respondents to rethink their loss, inscribe it into a wider trajectory of the group, and shape their group identity.
After the fall of Communism in , deportees from the Borderlands did not create a political power, as the German expellees from the East did, but they managed to form a partially institutionalised community of memory39 based on common experience and expressed in various commemorative actions, including the publishing of memoirs, creating virtual museums, building monuments and other commemorative activities.
As a result, resettlement from the Borderlands remains a traumatic experience, but it has shifted from an individual trauma to a collective one.
This was not the case in Ukraine. Under Soviet rule, deportees were displaced both physically and socially — even neighbours could be unaware that they were both deportees, although from various sub-regions of Eastern Poland. As one of the interviewees stated: Everything was hidden. No one said anything, people kept everything in secret. We revealed everything only recently, when we got the documents [a Ukrainian passport after ].
And now we see that this one is from the deportees, this one, and this one. How could we know? I worked 20 years in the glass factory. My neighbour, she lives over here, she was also deported. But I did not know about her and she did not know about me, and we worked together for 20 years. You know, at the beginning we were afraid to speak about it. They remained an obscure community until the breakdown of the system, and, to some extent, until today.
The situation has not changed much since Ukraine gained independence in There are some societies of former deportees, but their activity is very limited and not visible in the public sphere. Deportation remains a predominantly private and still very traumatising and repressed experience.
The individual character of this trauma deprives people of the opportunity to rework it. Unlike the Polish deportees, the Ukrainians are Downloaded by [Anna Wylegaa] at 13 April barred from developing defence mechanisms of memory based on the collectivity of experience.
The people made particularly vulnerable by this situation are those who experienced deportation as children. Children are asking and grandparents are telling the stories, even if the interest decreases as time goes on and the plots lose their colourfulness and dynamics. Conclusions This comparative analysis makes it possible to formulate some conclusions.
Firstly, it seems that the experience of deportation or migration generally carries a different meaning for a child than for an adult. Children proved to be particularly sensitive to being different to their peers, and remember this as a very painful experience, even after over 60 years. Among the most significant are homesickness and feelings of instability and temporariness. Like their parents, children were suffering from problems with identity and cultural adaptation.
But with the exception of a few individuals, they suffered from problems connected with what happened after the deportation or migration, not because of broken bonds with the former homeland or identity disorder. Constructing an identity rooted in their new surroundings was more difficult for them than for their peers who did not experience such a change, but at least they did not have to rebuild their identity, as their parents did: they were simply developing it from the starting point, albeit under difficult conditions.
Be it a selective memory or a defence mechanism to enable Downloaded by [Anna Wylegaa] at 13 April psychological adaptation, this feature allows us to once again discover the polyphony of various voices in these narratives. The joyful voice that speaks of discovering a new and fascinating world after forced migration can be clearly identified as belonging to the child, which is still present in the memory of the adult. Notes 1. For an overview of the war and post-war migration in Central and Eastern Europe, see, for example: Ahonen et al.
I am using the notion of the collective cultural trauma after Jeffrey C. Co dalej? Halbwachs, On Collective Memory. Historians of that period in Poland describe the feeling of fear as one of the dominant feelings among all social strata. Each quotation is accompanied by information about its author: town of the interview, sex and year of birth of the interviewee Z.
Wolf, Beyond Anne Frank, Zahra, Lost Children, For analysis of the relevant memory in the case of Polish interviewees, see the next section in this article. Downloaded by [Anna Wylegaa] at 13 April For typical examples of disorder in family communication and memory transfer under the Soviet rule see Figes, Whisperers: Private Life. The issue of post-war relations between various new groups of population in post-war Central- Eastern Europe, e.
Wolf, Beyond Anne Frank. Markowitsch and Welzer, Development of Autobiographical Memory, 17 — For the overview of changes in the memory of Eastern Borderlands in Poland see: Ahonen et al. She is currently working on the issues of post-war social and cultural change in Poland and Ukraine. People on the Move. Oxford: Berg, Alexander, Jeffrey C. Smelser, and Piotr Sztompka. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press, Assmann, Jan.
Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Biess, Frank. Towards a History of Postwar Emotions. Moeller, 30 — New York: Bergham Books, Princeton: Princeton University Press, Bociurkiw, Bohdan Rostyslav. Bodnar, Halyna. Krypiakevycha, Booth, James W. There are stories here of families torn apart and reunited, courageous escapes, underground resistance, friendship and emnity, and above all of survival. To read these memoirs is to understand how the inhumanity of war is confronted and defied by the indomitable human spirit.
Author : Sauda A. Die Auswahl der Interviewpartner erfolgte nach inhaltlichen und pragmatischen Kriterien, sodass bewusste Zeitzeugen der Ereignisse, die u. Die pragmatischen Gesichtspunkte ergaben sich daraus, welche von den in Frage kommenden Ansprechpartnern erreichbar und aussagewillig waren.
On the Edges of Whiteness tells their improbable story, tracing the manifold, complex relationships that developed among refugees, their British administrators, and their African neighbors. While intervening in key historical debates across academic disciplines, this book also gives an accessible and memorable account of survival and dramatic cultural dislocation against the backdrop of global conflict.
Author : Andrew M. Murder in the sanctuary of the Church! Lucy's, a humble edifice at the heart of a venerable Chicago neighborhood now suffering the throes of gentrification. Lucy's has long stood as a bulwark against evil and change, which some in the community have often seen as much the same thing. Now three dead bodies have been left in the sanctuary, stripped, mutilated, and shot through the head, execution-style.
A warning to those who would remake the neighborhoodor to St. Lucy's charismatic monsignor, who has made a few enemies of his own? Dispatched by his cardinal to investigate, Bishop "Blackie" Ryan fears that the atrocious murders are only the beginning of a campaign of terror directed at this particular church. But to solve the mystery, and to banish the evil gathering over the community, Blackie will need an unexpected assist from his own long-dead father, as well as the help of Declan O'Donnell, a savvy young cop with a touch of the second sight, and of Camilla Datilo, a radiant assistant state's attorney of Sicilian origins.
The Bishop in the Old Neighborhood is another charming and compelling page-turner by bestselling author Andrew M. Through his experiences, the places he visited and his various encounters, he aimed to discover what 'liberation', 'revolution' and 'socialism' meant to the ordinary people. His journey of discovery is brilliantly documented in this intimate, comic and controversial portrayal of a continent on the brink of change.
Drawing on case studies and practice guidelines, the book proposes strategies which students and professionals can use to develop skills in cultural equality and anti-discrimination and apply them to their everyday practice.
The book begins with an account of the nature of anti-oppressive practice and goes on to explore the core theories, concepts and strategies of anti-oppressive practice. Key features of the book include: " a positive preventative approach that sets it apart from existing texts in the field " invaluable practical guidance on how to develop and evaluate personal and organisational cultural practice " a number of helpful features, such as annotated case studies which illustrate best practice, cultural competence and common pitfalls.
Anti-Oppressive Practice in Health and Social Care is an essential text for all health and social care undergraduates, on such courses as social work, health care, nursing and counselling. It will also be a useful reference tool for qualified practitioners who wish to reflect on their personal and organisational practice. A History of Poland. Second Edition. One police inspector, five Polish Proudfoot, Malcolm J. European Refugees: —52, A Study in Forced After reaching a general agreement on the state of the Polish deportees to Russia, the responsibility for the formation Zebrowski-Bulmahn quoted in T.
Recollections of Removal to the See, for example, Tadeusz Piotrowski, ed. Details are also given on the non-European countries that extended a helping hand to the exiles in their hour of need. The account has been translated into English from the original Polish and interwoven with letters and depositions, and is supplemented with commentary and notes for invaluable historical context.
Irena Protassewicz's vivid account begins with the Russian Revolution, followed by a rare insight into the life and mores of the landed gentry of northeastern Poland between the wars, a rural idyll which was to be shattered forever by the coming of the Second World War. Deported in a cattle truck to Siberia and sentenced to a future of forced labour, Irena's fortunes were to change dramatically after Hitler's attack on Russia.
She charts the adventure and horror of life as a military nurse with the Polish Army, on a journey that would take her from the wastes of Soviet Central Asia, through the Middle East, to an unlikely ending in the highlands of Scotland.
A Polish Woman's Experience in World War II provides a compelling, personal route into understanding how the greatest conflict of the 20th century transformed the lives of the individuals who lived through it. It focuses on the period after , which saw the emergence of the two main political parties that were to dictate the tone of the politics of memory for more than a decade.
It argues that during this period a distinct culture of commemoration emerged in Poland — one that was not only governed by what the electorate wanted to hear and see, but also fueled by emotions. The growing social problem of juvenile homelessness and delinquency alerted the government to the need for a comprehensive child protection programme.
Nevertheless, by prioritizing public order over welfare, the Stalinist state created conditions that only exacerbated the situation, transforming an existing problem into a nation-wide crisis. In this comprehensive account based on exhaustive archival research, Olga Kucherenko investigates the plight of more than a million street children and the state's role in the reinforcement of their ranks.
By looking at wartime dislocation, Soviet child welfare policies, juvenile justice and the shadow world both within and without the Gulag, Soviet Street Children and the Second World War challenges several of the most pervasive myths about the Soviet Union at war.
It is, therefore, as much an investigation of children on the margins of Soviet society as it is a study of the impact of war and state policies on society itself.
The dictionary section has more than cross-referenced entries on the countries and geographical areas involved in the war, as well as the nations remaining neutral; wartime alliances and conferences; significant civilian and military leaders; and major ground, naval, and air operations. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about World War II. Invaded by Germany and the USSR, it was occupied from the first day of war to the last, and then endured 44 years behind the Iron Curtain while its wartime partners celebrated their freedom.
This work details the Soviet killings, the elaborate cover-up of the crime, and the subsequent revelations. Variances in civic commitment, school lessons, youth activities, religious observance, housing arrangements, and perceptions of security deeply influenced these adolescents who would soon face a common enemy.
Set in two cities flanking the border, Grodno in the interwar Polish Republic and Vitebsk in the Soviet Union, Borderland Generation traces the prewar and wartime experiences of young adult Jews raised under distinct political and social systems. Each cohort harnessed the knowledge and skills attained during their formative years to seek survival during the Holocaust through narrow windows of chance.
Antisemitism in Polish Grodno encouraged Jewish adolescents to seek the support of their peers in youth groups. Across the border to the east, the Soviet system offered young Vitebsk Jews opportunities for advancement not possible in Poland, but only if they integrated into the predominantly Slavic society.
These backgrounds shaped responses during the Holocaust. Grodno Jews deported to concentration camps acted in continuity with prewar social behaviors by forming bonds with other prisoners. Tapping archival resources in six languages, Borderland Generation offers an original and groundbreaking exploration of the ways in which young Polish and Soviet Jews fought for survival and the complex impulses that shaped their varying methods. Author : Bogusia J.
It is a testament to the strength of the human spirit and to a generation that did not see itself as 'victims, ' but as 'survivors. In recent years there has been a greater interest in the social consequences of the War. Nevertheless, discussions relating to the displacement of the Polish-born usually focus on the Holocaust interpreted as a Jewish-only phenomenon. These refugees have long sought a voice for their experiences. The website, www.
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